英文原文
The primary purpose of the Eightfold Path is to bring an end to clinging and the suffering caused by clinging. In describing the fulfillment of this purpose the Buddha occasionally mentioned a Tenfold Path. In this expanded list, Right Knowledge and Right Release are added after the more familiar list of eight factors. When the Eightfold Path leads to the ending of clinging and suffering, Right Knowledge is the insight that brings about Right Release. Right Knowledge is neither an abstract truth nor something we learn from a teaching; nor is it mysterious or supernatural. As a continuation of the Eightfold Path, Right Knowledge is knowing firsthand the benefits experienced through living the path and the suffering experienced when we don’t live the path. The benefits include greater peace, compassion, well-being, integrity, and spiritual freedom. The suffering includes agitation, fear, conceit, greed, and hostility. The more strongly we experience the benefits, the more clearly we see the differences between being attached and being free, having ill will and having goodwill, having ethical integrity and not having integrity. As we begin to make different choices, the contracted and agitated states of clinging begin to lose their appeal and power over us and we learn that they are neither hardwired nor necessary. As we see and experience healthy alternatives, these painful states begin to diminish in strength and frequency. Right Knowledge is the understanding we gain from directly experiencing the absence of suffering. The more the Eightfold Path alleviates suffering, the better we understand that clinging causes suffering. And experiencing the expansive, peaceful, and happy states that come with the absence of clinging makes us increasingly sensitive to the reappearance of clinging, even in its most subtle forms. It becomes more and more clear that contracting, attacking, resisting, and other expressions of clinging are painful and cause harm. Right Knowledge also includes recognizing that letting go of clinging is reliable and trustworthy. It is not something we need to fear, even if what we are releasing is our most precious and tenacious attachments to self. Freedom from clinging doesn’t diminish us. Rather, it leads to some of the healthiest and most beneficial states of mind humans can experience. Through the mindfulness and concentration factors of the Eightfold Path, Right Knowledge shows us how all our perceptions and conceptions are constantly in flux. With their fleeting appearance and disappearance, they are not stable and thus cannot provide the fullest experience of peace. They cannot be the basis for a liberated mind. Instead, the basis for liberation is release. Right Knowledge sets the stage for Right Release by helping the mind relax and appreciate the process of letting go. Knowing the tangible suffering of clinging brings a disinclination to cling. Knowing the peace and well-being of non-clinging teaches that letting go of clinging is letting go into peace. Right Release differs from ordinary letting go by being more impactful and lasting. It is a ceasing of clinging so clear that Right Knowledge then becomes a knowing that is always available to us. Just as one is no longer fooled by a magic trick after being shown how it is performed, so we begin to see through the tricks of the mind as we release ourselves from clinging. For most people Right Release includes a gradual process of becoming free in more and more areas of their life. The Buddha described these areas in terms of beliefs, biological drives, and subtle mental tendencies. Because freedom does not come from beliefs, Buddhism is particularly sensitive to the problems of holding on to beliefs, interpretations, and stories. An important part of living the Eightfold Path is loosening the grip on our views, including views about ourselves. A significant experience of release shows us that we don’t need to be defined by any self-concept or identity. More tenacious than clinging to beliefs is the clinging that stems from the biological drives of sensual desire and hostility. Even when we know that such clinging causes suffering, it can be difficult to let go. Even the wisest people can easily succumb to it. This is where practicing the Eightfold Path is especially important. It provides a satisfying sense of well-being that is an effective alternative to desire or anger. Our strong biological drives can relax and fade away when we are experiencing something better. Often, it is not enough to be instructed to let go of desire and aversions. More useful is relaxing deeply, settling into a unified sense of being, and enjoying the pleasant feelings that can come with non-clinging. Sensual desire and hostility can then simply fade away. The most difficult areas of clinging to overcome are subtle forms of conceit, agitation, and ignorance. In thinking of oneself as someone who is trying to let go of these, a person may be reinforcing the idea of being a “doer”; the effort to let go promotes agitation; and believing there is something to release supports ignorance. The way to final release is to settle deeply into a relaxed, alert state where one doesn’t try to do anything. Some people refer to this as a state of equanimity. Others refer to it as resting in being. It is with this kind of ease that the mind can let go of itself. The Eightfold Path is called a Noble Path because of the integrity and dignity it bestows. As it is not based on beliefs, those who walk this path do not champion Buddhism in opposition to the beliefs of others. In overcoming clinging, people on the path do not create conflict. Instead, practicing the Eightfold Path develops an open mind, an open heart, and an open hand. May this openness benefit the whole world.
中文翻译
八正道的主要目的是终结执着及其引发的痛苦。在描述这一目的的达成时，佛陀偶尔会提到十正道。在这个扩展的列表中，在更熟悉的八项因素之后，增加了正知和正解脱。当八正道导致执着和痛苦的终结时，正知是带来正解脱的洞见。正知既不是抽象的真理，也不是我们从教导中学到的东西；它也不神秘或超自然。作为八正道的延续，正知是亲身了知通过践行正道所体验到的益处，以及不践行正道时所经历的痛苦。益处包括更大的平静、慈悲、幸福、正直和精神自由。痛苦包括焦虑、恐惧、傲慢、贪婪和敌意。我们越强烈地体验这些益处，就越清楚地看到执着与自由、恶意与善意、有道德正直与无正直之间的区别。当我们开始做出不同的选择时，执着的收缩和焦虑状态开始失去对我们的吸引力和控制力，我们了解到它们既不是天生的也不是必要的。当我们看到并体验到健康的替代方式时，这些痛苦状态在强度和频率上开始减弱。正知是我们通过直接体验无苦而获得的理解。八正道越能减轻痛苦，我们就越理解执着导致痛苦。体验无执着带来的广阔、平静和快乐状态，使我们越来越敏感于执着的再现，即使是最微妙的形式。越来越清楚的是，收缩、攻击、抵抗和其他执着的表现是痛苦的并造成伤害。正知还包括认识到放下执着是可靠和值得信赖的。我们无需害怕它，即使我们放下的是对自我最珍贵和最顽固的执着。从执着中解脱不会削弱我们。相反，它导致人类可以体验到的一些最健康和最有益的心理状态。通过八正道的正念和正定因素，正知向我们展示我们所有的感知和概念是如何不断变化的。随着它们的短暂出现和消失，它们并不稳定，因此无法提供最充分的平静体验。它们不能成为解脱心的基础。相反，解脱的基础是释放。正知为正解脱奠定基础，帮助心灵放松并欣赏放下的过程。了知执着的具体痛苦带来不愿执着的倾向。了知无执着的平静和幸福教导我们，放下执着就是放下进入平静。正解脱不同于普通的放下，因为它更具影响力和持久性。它是一种如此清晰的执着止息，以至于正知随后成为一种我们始终可用的了知。就像一个人在被展示魔术如何表演后不再被愚弄一样，当我们从执着中解脱自己时，我们开始看透心灵的把戏。对大多数人来说，正解脱包括一个逐渐在生活的越来越多领域变得自由的过程。佛陀将这些领域描述为信念、生物驱力和微妙心理倾向。因为自由并非来自信念，佛教特别敏感于执着信念、解释和故事的问题。践行八正道的一个重要部分是放松对我们观点的执着，包括关于我们自己的观点。一次重要的解脱体验向我们表明，我们不需要被任何自我概念或身份所定义。比执着信念更顽固的是源于感官欲望和敌意的生物驱力的执着。即使我们知道这种执着导致痛苦，也可能难以放下。即使是最智慧的人也容易屈服于它。这就是践行八正道特别重要的地方。它提供了一种满足的幸福感，是欲望或愤怒的有效替代。当我们体验到更好的东西时，我们强烈的生物驱力可以放松并消退。通常，仅仅被告知放下欲望和厌恶是不够的。更有用的是深度放松，安住于统一的存有感，并享受无执着可能带来的愉悦感受。感官欲望和敌意然后可以简单地消退。最难克服的执着领域是傲慢、焦虑和无明的微妙形式。在认为自己是一个试图放下这些的人时，一个人可能强化了作为“行动者”的观念；放下的努力助长焦虑；相信有东西要释放支持无明。最终解脱的方法是深度安住于一种放松、警觉的状态，在这种状态下不试图做任何事情。有些人称此为平等心的状态。其他人称此为安住于存有。正是这种轻松，心灵可以放下自己。八正道被称为圣道，因为它赋予正直和尊严。由于它不基于信念，走这条路的人不会拥护佛教以反对他人的信念。在克服执着时，走这条路的人不会制造冲突。相反，践行八正道培养开放的心态、开放的心和开放的手。愿这种开放有益于整个世界。
文章概要
本文探讨了八正道如何扩展为十正道，以应对中年困境。八正道旨在终结执着和痛苦，而十正道增加了正知和正解脱。正知是通过亲身实践体验到的洞见，区分执着与自由、痛苦与幸福。正解脱是持久的放下，带来心灵自由。文章强调，通过正念和正定，我们可以认识到感知的变幻无常，从而放下对信念、欲望和身份的执着。这有助于在中年面对身份危机、压力时，找到平静和方向。八正道培养开放心态，不制造冲突，为个人和社会带来益处。
高德明老师的评价
用12岁初中生可以听懂的语音来重复翻译的内容：想象一下，你玩一个游戏，规则是不要紧紧抓住玩具，否则会不开心。八正道就像这个游戏的八个步骤，教你如何不抓得太紧。十正道多了两个步骤，让你更明白为什么不抓玩具会更快乐。当你真的不抓了，你就感到自由和平静，就像放下重担一样。这可以帮助大人们在中年时，面对工作和家庭的压力，学会放松，找到快乐。
佛学的各个宗派视角评价，突出《显密圆通成佛心要集》的视角：从佛学宗派视角看，八正道和十正道主要属于小乘佛教的修行体系，强调个人解脱和断除烦恼。然而，从大乘佛教的视角，特别是《显密圆通成佛心要集》的融合观点，这些正道可以视为成佛的基石。该经典强调显密圆通，即显宗（如八正道）和密宗（如准提法）的修行相辅相成。八正道培养戒定慧，为密宗的观想和咒语修行奠定基础。在应对中年困境时，准提法作为密宗法门，通过持诵准提咒和观想，能快速净化业障、增强福慧，帮助修行者超越执着，实现即身成佛。这体现了大乘佛教的利他精神和快速成就之道。
在修行实践上可以应用的和可以解决人们的十个问题：在修行实践上，八正道和十正道可以应用于解决人们的十个问题。1. 身份焦虑：通过正见和正思维，减少对自我概念的执着。2. 工作压力：正业和正命引导伦理工作，减轻负担。3. 家庭冲突：正语和正精进促进和谐沟通。4. 健康问题：正念和正定提升身心平衡。5. 财务困扰：正命教导知足，减少贪婪。6. 社交孤立：正思维培养慈悲，增强连接。7. 情绪波动：正念帮助管理愤怒和恐惧。8. 意义缺失：正见提供生命目的视角。9. 成瘾行为：正精进支持戒除不良习惯。10. 灵性干渴：正解脱带来深层满足。准提法通过咒语和观想，加速这些问题的解决，例如持诵准提咒可净化业力、增强智慧，帮助快速超越困境，体现大乘佛教的便捷和高效。